Parts of Speech

One of the groups that words are divided into nouns, pronouns, verbs, Adverbs, Adjectives, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections.

noun: A noun is naming word, It denotes name of a person, place, thing, language bird, animal, etc...

Nouns are classified into proper nouns and common nouns:

• Proper nouns: Gandhi, Ambedkar, Hyderabad, English, etc.,...
• Common nouns: Father, poet, language, subject, mount river, etc...

Common nouns are countable or uncountable. Countable nouns have singular and plural forms.

Examples: Boy - Boys, town - towns, foot - feet Foot - The tooth Tooth - teeth, man - men woman - women. Uncountable nouns have no plural forms.

Example: Milk, water, air, etc.,...

Common nouns based on meaning, are classified into four categories.

Adverbs

An adverb is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb. It indicates how, when, where or why something happens.

Example:

1. Jai Krishna calmly entered the room.
2. Pashimala walked very fast to the office.

Adverbs are classified as: Adverbs of time, frequency and duration: They answer the question when, how often, how long. Always, never, then, now, soon, tomorrow, last year.

Adverb of place: Answers the question where? near, below, away, around, here, there, up and down, etc....

Adverbs of manner: Answers the question how? (neatly, calmly, eagerly, angrily, happily, etc.,...)

Adverbs of degree: Answers the question to what extent?

(Just, quiet, very, hot, fast, well, etc.,...)

Activity-1

Fill in the blanks with suitable adverbs, each adverb can used once. (quietly, always, often, here, how, carefully, yesterday, almost, quickly, very.)

1. The students listened quickly during the lecture.
2. She has always been late to class
3. We often go to park on Sundays.
4. Please come and sit here.
5. He is working on the project right now.
6. Drive carefully on the busy road.
7. I met him yesterday at the library.
8. The boy almost won the game, but lost at last minute.
9. The thief ran away quickly when he saw the police.
10. The speaks very fluently in English.

Prepositions:

Adjective: An Adjective is word that qualifies a noun or pronoun. Adjectives denote quality, quantity, definiteness, distribution, nationality, etc.

Examples:

1. The beautiful full painting was sold. (Quality of Adjective)
2. We had a delicious meal (Quality)
3. She ate orange(quantity)
4. I have enough money. (quantity)
5. There is little time left. (quantity)
6. I bought three books. (quantity)
7. This book is mine. (weight/heaviness)
8. This house is old.
9. Those cars are expensive.
10. Each student must submit the assignment.
11. Every child needs love.
12. Neither answer's correct.
13. She loves Italian food.
14. The Indian culture is rich.

Activity

1. The blue sky looked clear.
2. She found several mistakes in the report.
3. My brother lives in a big city.
4. I prefer strong tea.
5. She was wearing a black hat.
6. She was born with a weak heart.
7. Don't read books in a dark place.
8. A horse is a friendly animal.
9. We ordered a large pizza for lunch.
10. The hungry dog ate another dog's food.
11. They are many old temples in Tamil Nadu.
12. A rabbit has long ears and short tail.
13. The spicy curry made my tongue burn.
14. The bright sun.
15. The silent night was disturbed by a loud noise.

Co-ordinating Conjunctions:

These are used to joint words, phrases and clauses belonging to the same class or rank. Co-ordinating conjunctions are and, but, or, neither, nor, yet, so, for, etc.

Examples:

• I saw a boy and a girl at the canteen.
• He arrived at the station but there was no train.

Correlative Conjunctions

These words are used to connect words, phrases and clauses. These are either...or, not only...but also, both...and, neither...nor.

Examples:

1. He is not only intelligent but also hard working.
2. either prasad nor pramodh can go to delhi.
3. neither his is a student, nor he is an employee.

Sentence Connectors

These are used to relate meanings or idea of the sentences they connect. These are hence, however, therefore, besides, more over, though, so.

Examples:

1. the roads were flooded, hence the match was postponed.
2. She studied very hard, however she could not clear the exam.
3. The experiment failed, therefore the scientist tried again.
4. Besides being a good singer, she is also an excellent dancer.
5. The book is well-researched, moreover it is easy to read.
6. Though it was raining, the students continued playing cricket.
7. The train was late, so we decided to take a bus instead.

Subordinate Conjunctions: Subordinate clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions. These are if, unless, because, as long as, so that, as if, in case, after, that.

Example:

1. She said that she was feeling unwell.
2. Wait here till I come back.
3. You can join us if you finish your work.
4. You will not succeed in your life unless you change your behaviour.
5. He stayed at home because it was raining.

Sentences:

1. As far as I know the shop is closed today.
2. I explained it clearly so that everyone could understand.
3. He talks as if he knows everything.
4. Take an umbrella in case it rains.
5. They arrived after we had left.

Interjection

These are a few words which are used as exclamations to show strong feelings such as anger, surprise, excitement, etc.

Examples:

1. Oh! We got the first class.
2. Alas! He met with an accident.
3. Hurray! We got through & passed.

Activity

Fill in the blanks with an appropriate conjunction given: (and, and, nor, but, or, yet, so, because, although, since, if, unless, while, till, before, after, however, therefore, moreover, beside, hence, other wise, thus, meanwhile.)

1. I wanted to go for a walk, but it started raining heavily.
2. The shop sells fruits and vegetables.
3. We can eat out tonight, or we can cook something at home.
4. He worked very hard, but he did not succeed.
5. They did not complain, nor did they protest.
6. He stayed at home because he was not feeling well.
7. You cannot leave the hall until the programme ends.
8. I will call you when I reach the station.
9. She passed the exam, since she had

Concrete noun, Abstract noun, material noun, collective noun.

Concrete nouns:

words which represents object that can be seen, touched.

Example: A student, A Room, An Ant, etc.

Abstract nouns

words which represents something that cannot be seen or touched, but can only be imagined or felt.

Example: Air, beauty, disease, death, taste, softness, smells, happiness, goodness, worship.

Material nouns

Gold, Silver, Iron, Mercury, etc, one called material nouns.

Collective nouns:

Committee, police, parliament, Assembly, team, etc. A noun can function as Subjective, object, complement, etc.

Examples:

1. Telugu is my first language. (subject)

2. I like trees. (object)

3. My sister is a dancer. (complement)

Conjunctions

1. Although, it was raining, they went ahead with the match.
2. He studied very hard, however, he could not clear the exam.
3. The roads were flooded, therefore the buses stopped running.
4. She is talented moreover, she is also humble.
5. I was busy with office work, so I could not attend the party.
6. The bell rang yet, the students kept talking in the class.